Alexandria

Platonism & Neoplatonism

Commentary on Plato’s Parmenides

by Proclus

Ancient (before 500 CE)AdvancedCosmos & Creation

Enneads (Selections)

by Plotinus

Ancient (before 500 CE)AdvancedSelf-Knowledge & Transformation

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Epicureanism & Atomism

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Pre-Socratic Philosophy

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Aristotelian Philosophy

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Cynicism & Skepticism

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Roman Philosophy

On the Gods

by Cicero

Ancient (before 500 CE)IntermediateCosmos & Creation

All Books in Classical Philosophy

Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is a calm compass for a stormy life, asking what good we truly aim at and answering with eudaimonia, a flourishing happiness found in excellent activity. He treats virtue as a craft of the soul, learned through practice until choice becomes graceful. The golden mean steadies us between excess and deficiency, while practical wisdom guides judgment in real situations. Friendship appears as the warm fire where virtue ripens, pleasure as a companion not a captain, and politics as the larger household that nurtures character. At the summit waits contemplation, a clear sky of thought, though the path is walked in deeds.

Greek PhilosophyExplore

Cover of Commentary on Plato’s Parmenides

Proclus turns Plato’s most enigmatic dialogue into a luminous map of reality, where the One stands like a silent star and all levels of being unfold from its radiance. Moving through the Parmenides’ austere hypotheses, he shows how rigorous dialectic becomes spiritual practice, guiding the mind from names and forms toward apophatic stillness. This commentary offers both a precise architecture of Neoplatonic metaphysics and a path of ascent for contemplative readers. The translation by Morrow and Dillon is clear and learned, opening a demanding yet rewarding text. Enter here if you want logic to awaken wonder and argument to become prayer.

Seneca’s Letters from a Stoic reads like a series of quiet conversations by lamplight, practical and humane counsel to his friend Lucilius. He teaches how to save our most precious wealth, time, to choose friends wisely, to read with depth rather than drift, and to look at death until fear loosens its grip. Philosophy becomes a daily medicine and a compass at sea, training the mind to build an inner citadel amid fortune’s storms. Through simple exercises and clear images poverty rehearsed, anger examined, desire tamed these letters invite steady courage, cheerful restraint, and a freedom rooted in character.

In On the Gods Cicero invites us into a Roman garden where thoughtful voices test what the divine might be. An Epicurean praises tranquil gods, a Stoic finds providence written in the stars, and an Academic skeptic tugs at each claim with gentle rigor. With urbane wit and steady grace, the dialogue becomes a tour of ancient schools and a lesson in how to think rather than what to believe. It weighs piety, fate, design, and the touch of evil, yet never forces certainty. If luminous debate under a colonnade calls to you, this is Rome’s most humane doorway to theology.

Roman PhilosophyExplore

Plotinus invites you to turn inward and taste the source from which all reality flows. In these selections from the Enneads, he unfolds a luminous map of the One, Intellect, and Soul, showing how the world streams from unity and how the soul can ascend by purification, love of beauty, and silent contemplation. He probes where emotions and thought truly live, the relation between sense and intellection, and why evil is lack rather than a power. The prose moves like a calm river becoming a bright sea, part philosophy, part prayer. For seekers of clarity and depth, this is a guide to the intimate sky within.

Plato’s Symposium is a glittering night of talk where philosophers, poets, and a tipsy Alcibiades pass the cup and praise Eros. Each speech shapes love like a different lamp, from witty comedy to noble seriousness, until Socrates recalls the teaching of Diotima, who leads the soul up a living ladder from desire for a single body to contemplation of Beauty itself. In this mingling of myth, argument, and theater, love appears as guide, goad, and god, binding mortal longing to immortal vision. The dialogue’s warmth and irony invite you to sit at the table and listen for what your own heart seeks.

Critias is Plato’s tantalizing fragment where philosophy walks into legend. Continuing from Timaeus, the elder Critias recalls Solon’s Egyptian tale of prehistoric Athens and the island empire of Atlantis, a glittering power framed by concentric seas and laws under Poseidon. Athens appears as an ideal city tested by vast ambition, while Atlantis slowly decays as its divine alloy gives way to human excess. The narrative breaks off mid sentence just as judgment gathers like a storm, leaving a deliberate hush. Half history and half mirror, Critias uses myth to probe political virtue, cultural memory, and the rise and ruin of civilizations.

Plato’s Timaeus is a luminous origin story told as philosophical myth. In a calm voice a sage describes how a benevolent craftsman shapes a formless receptacle into a living cosmos, imbuing it with a world soul and setting time as the moving image of eternity. Geometry becomes scripture as fire air water and earth are woven from triangles, while the human body and soul are traced to cosmic patterns, health and virtue as harmony. Framed by Socrates and the hint of Atlantis, it blends science theology and poetry, a gateway text for Platonism and later mystical cosmology. Enter if you enjoy grand design stitched with myth and mathematics.

Cicero’s On Duties is a lantern for life in public and private, written as a father’s counsel to his son while the Roman Republic dimmed. Drawing on Stoic wisdom and Roman civic sense, Cicero asks what we owe to ourselves, to others, and to the commonwealth. He weighs the honorable against the useful and insists that the truly useful is what is honorable. Justice, prudence, courage, and moderation become living measures for choice, from business deals to statecraft. Grounded in natural law as right reason in accord with nature, this book offers steadiness of soul amid ambition, fear, and the press of events.

Seneca’s brief letter to Paulinus argues that life is not truly short; we simply hand it away to busyness, vanity, and borrowed obligations. Time is our only true possession, yet we scatter it like coins before a crowd, then mourn when the purse is empty. Seneca urges a radical custody of hours, turning from restless errands toward the steady practice of philosophy, which gathers the mind, reconciles with mortality, and stretches life by giving it depth. The wise person lives fully in the present, learning from the past and welcoming what comes, while the unguarded drift like passengers asleep at sea. A classic for anyone ready to reclaim their days. Stoic counsel delivered with the calm urgency of a friend.

Epictetus’ Discourses is a conversational training ground where a former slave teaches freedom of the mind. In lively talks and vivid examples, he shows how peace comes from tending the one thing that is ours to govern, the choosing mind, while greeting fortune, praise, illness, or loss as passing weather. Reason is the helmsman, steering through rough seas of impulse and fear toward a life in accord with nature and duty. The tone is firm yet humane, more coach than lecturer, inviting daily practice, clear seeing, and a resilient joy within a small inner citadel no storm can breach.

Cover of On the Mysteries of the Egyptians

Iamblichus invites you into a lamplit temple where philosophy breathes through ritual. Written as a reply to Porphyry, On the Mysteries argues that reason alone cannot touch the gods, and that theurgy, sacred action with symbols, names, and prayer, draws the soul into living contact with a hierarchy of divine powers. Egyptian and Chaldean rites become a precise metaphysics in motion, where numbers, hymns, and offerings tune the cosmos like a lyre. The book maps gods, angels, daemons, fate, and providence, and shows how true piety purifies, protects, and finally unites. Expect lucid defenses, strange beauty, and a vision of the world as a consecrated whole.

Seneca speaks to a busy friend and to us, arguing that life is not short but squandered. He urges us to guard time as a treasure, to step back from the bustle that feels like purpose yet steals our days, and to claim leisure as a school for virtue. Philosophy becomes a compass and a hearth, teaching us to live now rather than forever preparing to begin. He shows how good actions bank the past safely and free the mind to meet the present. This lucid Stoic dialogue offers a stern kindness and a clear mirror, inviting you to simplify, to choose what is yours, and to cultivate a well tended life.

The Phaedrus begins on a sunlit riverbank, where Socrates and Phaedrus wander among plane trees and cicadas and talk of desire, persuasion, and the soul. Through playful speeches the dialogue turns to the vision of the soul as a charioteer struggling to lift its horses toward beauty remembered from a higher realm. Love appears as divine madness that can heal and guide. True rhetoric becomes the art of leading souls, grounded in knowledge of their forms and needs. In a final turn, Plato contrasts lifeless writing with living dialogue. The result is a shimmering bridge between eros and philosophy, intimate, probing, and alive.

Plato’s Republic is a dramatic conversation that asks what justice is in a soul and a city, then builds a city in speech to test the answer. Socrates guides companions through education, music and myth, to the rule of philosopher rulers who glimpse the Form of the Good. The famous cave opens like a doorway from shadow to sun, turning politics into a path of conversion. Along the way we meet the tripartite soul, a critique of poetry, a cycle of decaying regimes, and the tale of Er. Part blueprint, part mirror, it remains a lucid provocation about how to live and how to govern.

Meditations is a private journal of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, a Stoic workbook written to steady the mind amid power, illness, and war. In short notes he reminds himself to live by reason and virtue, to meet insult with patience, to do the task before him, and to accept the larger order of nature. The voice is calm as a lamp in a field tent at dawn, asking you to rule yourself rather than events, to narrow attention to what you can control, and to remember that life is brief. Read it for austere kindness and durable guidance.